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{{Infobox Airport| name = Stewart International Airport| nativename =| nativename-a =| nativename-r =| image = Stewart Airport sign.jpg| image-width =| caption =| IATA = SWF| ICAO = KSWF| type = Public| owner =| operator = Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, [New York| r2-number = 16/34| r2-length-f = 6,006| r2-length-m = 1,831| r2-surface = Asphalt| h1-number = H1| h1-f = 40| h1 m = 12| h1-surface = Asphalt| stat-year =| stat1-header =| stat1-data =| stat2-header =| stat2-data =| footnotes =-->

Stewart International Airport is located near [Newburgh (city), New York, New York, in the southern Hudson Valley, 55 miles (88.5 km) north of New York, New York. Originally developed in the 1930s as a military base to allow Officer cadets at the nearby United States Military Academy at West Point, New York to learn aviation, it has over the years grown into the major passenger airport for the mid-Hudson region and continues to serve as a military airfield as well, currently housing the 105th Airlift Wing of the New York Air National Guard and a smaller United States Marine Corps detachment. The Space Shuttle program could also land there in an emergency.Randall, Mike; August 9, 2005 Discovery could land at Stewart, but don't wait, Times Herald-Record; retrieved September 16, 2006.

It has made history in several ways. After its closure as an active United States Air Force base in the early 1970s, an ambitious plan by former Governor Nelson Rockefeller to greatly expand and develop the airport led to a bitter and protracted struggle with local landowners that led to reforms in the state's eminent domain laws but no actual development of the land acquired. In 1981 the Iran hostage crisis held in Iran made their return to American soil at Stewart. At the end of the 20th century it became the first U.S. commercial airport to be privatization when United Kingdom-based National Express Group was awarded a 99-year lease on the airport. It recently postponed plans to change the facility's name after considerable local opposition, and then announced plans to sell its rights to the airport.Logan, Tim; September 29, 2006; Stewart loses operator; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 29, 2006. On January 25, 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey board voted to acquire the lease, effectively ending the privatization experiment.

Airlines and destinations

History Stewart Dairy Farm In 1930 Thomas "Archie" Stewart, an early aviation enthusiast and descendant of prominent local dairy farmer Lachlan Stewart, convinced his uncle Samuel Stewart to donate "Stoney Lonesome," split between the town (New York)s of Newburgh (town), New York and New Windsor, New York, to the nearby city of Newburgh for use as an airport. Stewart International Airport - A Journey in Flight; retrieved from stewartinternationalairport.com January 27, 2007. However, with the city strapped for cash due to the Great Depression, it was unable to develop it in any way. Stewart Airfield In 1934 Douglas MacArthur, then superintendent of the United States Military Academy proposed flight training Officer Cadets at the airport. The city sold the land to the military academy for one dollar. A small dirt airstrip was cleared and graded. The northernmost gate at USMA has been known as Stoney Lonesome Gate ever since.

During World War II, many barracks and other buildings, which still stand, were built on the base. at the ANG base, as seen from Route 17K Stewart Air Force Base After the creation of the United States Air Force after World War II the Army airfield was converted to an Air Force base (it still keeps the military "F" in the airport's codes) while still being used for training of cadets at West Point. The Air Force base was deactivated in 1970 and it officially remained unoccupied until 1983 when the 105th Airlift Wing of the New York Air National Guard took up quarters. The National Guard unit has flown support missions not only for U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan but also for humanitarian relief efforts.

This area of the airport, now called Stewart Air National Guard Base, is one of the bases for the Air Force's C-5 Galaxy. In fact, the Air National Guard operates their only maintenance base for the craft at Stewart.

Stewart International Airport MTA Expansion plan In the early 1970s, Governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller's administration saw the potential of Stewart for the metropolitan area. Its long runway made it particularly attractive for transcontinental service via supersonic transport (SST), then under development in the U.S. and elsewhere.

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York) was the first government body to try to convert it into the New York's fourth major airport. It tripled the airport size well beyond its previous western boundary at Drury Lane, a two-lane rural road. The state government used its eminent domain powers to take 7,500 acres (30 km²) for terminals, runways and a buffer zone expanding the airport from Newburgh into neighboring towns of Montgomery (town), New York and a small portion of Hamptonburgh, New York. The land was bounded by Interstate 84 (east) to the north, New York State Route 207 along the south and roughly by Rock Tavern, New York and Maybrook, New York in the west.

Local opposition Area residents who were already fighting a large power plant proposal at nearby Storm King Mountain fiercely fought the expansion. They took the state to court, ultimately forcing the legislature to write and pass the New York State Eminent Domain Procedure Act, a sweeping overhaul of its existing law on the subject. In order to get the last holdouts off their land, state officials pledged that outside the proposed airport facilities, none of the land taken would ever be redeveloped, a promise that was to haunt them years later.

By the time the land was finally available, the 1973 oil crisis and the attendant increase in the price of jet fuel had forced airlines to cut back, and some of the airport's original backers began arguing it was no longer economically viable. US SST development was canceled in 1971, undercutting another argument for the project. Malcolm Wilson, Rockefeller's successor, put the project on hold; and his successor, Hugh Carey, killed it for good in 1976.

New York State Department of Transportation Ownership In early 1981, the 52 U.S. hostages held at the former U.S. embassy in Teheran, Iran, returned to American soil there following two weeks at U.S. bases in Germany and 444 days of captivity, ending the Iran hostage crisis. The route they took from there to West Point is marked today as "Freedom Road."

The next year the state transferred control from MTA to its own New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), with a mandate to improve and develop the airport. Three years later W.R. Grace became the first private tenant when it built a corporate jet hangar, and the following year an industrial park was built nearby. Finally, in 1990, commercial airline service began with American Airlines offering service with three daily round trips to both Chicago, Illinois and Raleigh-Durham International Airport.

Continuing development issues As the 1980s wore on, the scars of earlier battles over Stewart returned to start new ones. NYSDOT and the Stewart Airport Commission found themselves overseeing not only the airport but the acres of now-vacant land the state had acquired a decade before. After turning over management of most of the property to the state's New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, which was better equipped for the task, it still faced the problem of what to do with the land.

The region's needs had changed. With IBM and other large industrial concerns cutting workers and closing plants, and people leaving, a large swath of buildable land with few environmental problems was seen by many in the local business community as a goose's golden egg. It couldn't be a sprawling airport, but it could be something else, they thought.

But those people who remained or moved up from more crowded areas to the south had begun to enjoy the outdoor recreation possibilities the lands, referred to variously as the Stewart Properties or the buffer, offered. Mountain bikers, horses, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicle, and hikers had all begun to explore and create trails, and DEC's management opened up the area as a popular spot for local hunting and anglers. DEC had also released captured beavers on the properties, who built dams and created new wetlands.



One local hunter, Ben Kissam, formed the Stewart Park and Reserve Coalition (SPARC) in 1987 to oppose efforts to develop the lands. They and other environmentalists and conservationists argued that the whole area would be better off left as a park, pointing to the growing diversity of species on the lands and the state's original promise not to redevelop the area. They were joined, too, by some area residents who said that the existing air traffic, particularly the military C-5s, were noisy enough as it was.

Also generating a lot of noise was the continuing debate in Orange County, New York about what to do with the land, with participants' choice of words ("buffer" vs. "properties") suggesting where they stood, and interpretations differing about just how much of the land was really meant to serve as a buffer.

The administration of Mario Cuomo tried several times to come up with a plan that would balance these interests, but failed. One of its last acts was to set in motion a renovation of the passenger terminal using a federal grant.

Privatization In 1994 George Pataki campaigned on improving efficiencies by privatizing money-losing state projects. Ronald Lauder, who had written a book about European successes in privatizations, suggested Stewart be privatized. Pataki created the New York State Council on Privatization, and appointed Lauder its chair.

Federal law at the time required that all airports providing passenger service had to be owned by some public entity, a lesson learned from the railroad era. With much support from the New York delegation, the United States Congress eventually passed legislation allowing five airports to be privatized as a pilot program, providing certain conditions, such as approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and by the carriers representing at least two-thirds of the airport's flights.

In 1997 the state formally began, through the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), the process of soliciting bids for a 99-year lease on the airport and, potentially, the adjacent undeveloped lands as well, whatever bidders wanted.February 2, 2000; Stewart Airport's privatization process; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006. Efforts by SPARC, now headed by Kissam's widow Sandra, and other citizen activists to find out about who might be bidding and what they planned to do with Stewart were blocked by the state's invocation of a clause in its State Finance Law prohibiting disclosure of competitive bids prior to the award of the contract, an interpretation which survived a court challenge.

Two years later, after approval by the state’s attorney general and comptroller as well as the FAA and the carriers, the contract was awarded to National Express Group Public limited company of Britain, the only one of five bidders to have declined to present at a special forum organized a week prior to award, and also a company Lauder had praised in his book for its success with the UK's national bus service and subsequent acquisition of Nottingham East Midlands Airport, leading to some suspicions that the state had always intended to give them the airport from the beginning. NEG was prepared to pay $35 million for the lease, and after working out the details Pataki handed over a ceremonial key at the passenger terminal in late 2000.

The award also ended, for the most part, the controversy over whether to develop the properties or not. NEG was uninterested in the lands west of Drury Lane, and Pataki announced with the privatization deal that he was directing that ownership as well as management of 5,600 acres (22.4 km²) of the lands west of an envelope DOT retained around Drury for possible future development or disposal be transferred directly to DEC, which has since made that portion Stewart State Forest.

The Drury Lane exit will be replaced by a new, wider one.Simultaneously with the privatization, the state proceeded with long-held plans to build a new interchange on Interstate 84 at Drury Lane, which would also be widened, with a possible four-lane access road to better solve the airport's longstanding access problems (see below). Conveniently, the initial price tag, $35 million, was exactly the amount bid by National Express.

This spurred immediate opposition from SPARC and other environmentalists, as it could only be justified by a desire to promote development along the stretch of Drury DOT had saved for itself. Residents of New Windsor were also outraged, as the planned access road is going right over a portion of Crestview Lake, a popular local park.

Another complication emerged due to the proximity of the Catskill Aqueduct of New York City's water supply system to the exit; a proposed widening of Drury between the interstate and New York State Route 17K would have required that a bridge be built over the aqueduct to protect it from the vibrations associated with heavy trucks, adding to the cost of the whole project. An alternative emerged during a value engineering study of simply rerouting Drury to create another four-way intersection further down 17K, and this was ultimately done.

Whether the properties along Drury could even be developed in any measure remains to be seen, as a good portion of that parcel is either wetlands or a 45 acre trapezoid-shaped Runway Protection Zone in which the FAA mandates that nothing be built, and the remainder is land considered by conservationists to be the best land in the properties.

SPARC, the Orange County Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs and the national Sierra Club filed a lawsuit in federal court alleging that National Environmental Policy Act were not done or done improperly; that action tied up the exit's construction for a while. In March 2005, an area slated for wetlands mitigation under the plans was found to harbor purple milkweed, a Species of Special Concern on the National Heritage Program's rare plant list. SPARC and its co-plaintiffs sought an injunction against further action such as the consideration of bids; yet that went ahead anyway.

The controversy was settled by a deal announced on November 21 of that year. SPARC accepted a compromise where in exchange for the construction of the exit and access road 1,700 acres (6.8 km²) of the remaining buffer lands would be added to the forest and restrictions would be imposed on development of the remaining 400 acres (1.6 km²) in the northeast corner of the properties, near the exit.Kissam, Sandra; November 22, 2005; http://www.frontiernet.net/~sparc/sk_statement.html Statement by Sandra Kissam at SPARC Coalition Press Conference at Little Britain Grange]; SPARC website; retrieved September 16, 2006.In July 2006, the state formally transferred ownership of the state forest from DOT to DEC, ending the process of creating Stewart State Forest. However, Orange County was not thrilled with the state's decision to charge it $3.7 million for the area near the exit, saying that it was too much on top of the costs it would incur putting in infrastructure. DOT says it's just asking fair market value for the land.Logan, Tim, September 14, 2006; $3.7 million bill? Ed Diana says no, Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006.

As of 2007, construction is nearing completion. When finished, Drury will become New York State Route 747.Rife, Judy; February 11, 2007; " Traveling through the new Route 747"; Times-Herald Record; retrieved February 12, 2007.

Failure of privatization NEG's marketing initiatives included several proposed new names for the airport to emphasize its proximity to the city. The last one, in 2006, which would have dropped the "Stewart" name entirely, met with local opposition and was ultimately dropped.

Stewart has a limited selection of flights available and is relatively uncrowded most of the day. Some tenants have moved into nearby former military buildings, but most remain as unoccupied as they were the day the base was closed down. It has drawn some passengers from western Connecticut who might otherwise have flown out of Bradley International Airport. But most of the fliers within Stewart's catchment area have continued to prefer Albany International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport or other metropolitan airports, despite higher fares.

Delta Air Lines pulled out of the airport shortly after the privatization announcement, ostensibly to better serve new routes it had won to Latin America, leaving it to code sharing partners Comair and ASA. Even one of the "tourist draws" for the airport evaporated in 2003 when the Concorde was grounded. Its pilots had used the lengthy runway to practice Touch-and-Go.

NEG's dealings with the state were not as harmonious as they were initially represented; documents made public by SPARC after the privatization was completed showed that there were many lingering issues between the two parties even at that time and that NEG had in fact considered breaking the deal at one point (as it would later ultimately do). The company has gone through some local management shuffles as well, and the parent corporation's sale of East Midlands, considered the example it would follow with Stewart, was a cause for concern in the region.

While some local officials expressed disappointment, others saw NEG as getting out of the airport business entirely to concentrate on its core business in the bus and rail sectors. They hoped at first that another European company with experience running privatized airports would be interested, and industry analysts said the timing was good. Governor Elliot Spitzer promised area leaders that Stewart would be a top priority for his administration, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which runs the New York area's three main airports, has expressed interest in assuming NEG's obligations. Allegiant Air's pullout in early 2007 was actually seen as a good sign since that airline only flies where it doesn't face competition from JetBlue and AirTran, both of which have announced plans for service from Stewart.Logan, Tim; December 2, 2006; Allegiant Air to leave Stewart International Airport in early 2007; Times-Herald Record; retrieved December 3, 2006.

Port Authority takeover On January 25, 2007 the Port Authority voted to buy the lease for Stewart. It is expected to take over operating control in October after New Jersey's acting governor Richard Codey signed a bill the New Jersey Legislature had to pass, changing the law to allow the move.May 3, 2007; " Acting NJ governor to sign bill to allow Port Authority control over Stewart"; Times-Herald Record; retrieved May 4, 2007. The PA will pay NEG $78.5 million for the remaining 93 years on its lease. It has set aside $150 million in its ten-year capital improvement plan to develop the airport.

Stewart today Although 2006's bad numbers may have led NEG to pull out, Stewart's commercial aviation service is currently on the rise, and passengers today can take advantage of low fares and popular routes that have never existed in the Hudson Valley before. For the first time in Stewart's history, cheap and competitive nonstop routes to destinations such as Orlando, Florida, Tampa, and Fort Lauderdale are in place and doing very well. A plan is currently in place to drastically change Stewart's image over the next 20 years. The plan includes major renovations such as the addition of a brand new Airport terminal, the construction of a train station adjacent to the new terminal and connecting the airport to Metro North, a 2,000-foot (608 m) extension of runway 16-34, the addition of multiple new taxiways, and a major expansion of the cargo facilities at Stewart. Parts of the plan have already been put into place with the addition of a brand new control tower and the beginning of construction on the new Drury Lane highway exit. The Port Authority will be looking at this plan and perhaps revising it.

In addition to commercial aviation and passenger services, Stewart excels in many other areas not seen as well by the public. NEG had some success selling private helicopter shuttle service to midtown Manhattan's heliports to business travelers from Stewart at rates competitive with those offered from John F. Kennedy International Airport; it also remains a popular place to service corporate jets due to the large space available. Indeed, servicing of any large aircraft seems to find a home at Stewart; The Russian Antonov An-225 (the world's largest aircraft) has visited Stewart in the past.

Cargo services are also part of the mix — FedEx Express (airline) maintains a large distribution presence just outside the airport, as does the United States Postal Service, whose main general-mail facility for the mid-Hudson region is not far away, either. Importers of plant and animal products also route their flights to Stewart and the United States Department of Agriculture inspection facility for those is nearby, on Drury Lane.

In 2005, the airport was used to transport emergency personnel and supplies to help the cleanup after the destruction of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the Gulf Coast.

Stewart also serves as a popular divert destination for aircraft intending to land at one of New York City's three main airports (Newark Liberty International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, and John F. Kennedy International Airport), especially during times of deteriorated weather in the city area.

American Airlines, which had served Stewart since 1990, discontinued American Eagle regional jet service to Chicago O'Hare International Airport on September 5, 2007.

The Port Authority sees Stewart as offering needed relief to those airports and (especially) Teterboro Airport, estimating it could handle five times its present passenger volume. It will probably follow its standard procedure and contract the actual operations of the airport out.

Facilities The main east-west runway is 11,818 feet (3,602 m) long by 150 feet (46 m) wide, but the landing threshold in each direction is displaced threshold 2000 feet (610 m). Additionally, aircraft landing to the east on runway 9 are involved with landing distance available restriction of an additional 1,000-foot (305 m) reduction in length, making only 8,818 feet (2,688 m) usable for landing. Runway 27 has 9,818 feet (2,993 m) available for landing. The full length of the runway is available for takeoff in both directions.

Runway 9, the east-facing runway, is equipped with an instrument landing system for both category one and category two approaches. Runway 9 is also equipped with an ALSF2 approach lighting system. Runway 27 acquired an instrument landing system in much more recent years, but without any approach lighting, landing minimums for this runway require more visibility. The crosswind runway 16-34 is 6,006 feet (1,831 m) long by 150 feet (46 m) wide and each end has Global Positioning System-based instrument appoaches.

Access One of the biggest impediments to the use of Stewart by more airlines and passengers has long been the difficulty of actually getting to it (see diagram). Despite the proximity of Stewart to the junction of I-84 and the New York State Thruway, direct access is available from neither highway (not in the least because those two do not yet offer direct access to each other, though a reconstruction of the interchange is underway). While the Air Guard base's entrance in the town of Newburgh is relatively easy to reach one mile (1.6 km) east of the interstate on New York State Route 17K, to get to the airport on the New Windsor side a driver must travel south on New York State Route 300 to Route 207, turn right and go another mile down a two-lane road to the entrance road, whereupon the terminal and parking lot are yet another mile away.

The only other option besides the Drury Lane exit would have been a connector from the Thruway at Route 207, which would have to cross a closed New Windsor town landfill, a hazardous waste site that would be prohibitively expensive to build over. In late 2005, construction of the exit finally began along with the attendant widening of Drury and adjacent sections of 17K and 207. It will be completed and opened to traffic, along with the access road, in mid-2007, just in time for the Port Authority takeover.

There have been plans over the years to possibly implement a light rail connection along Broadway in the city of Newburgh that could conceivably go out to Stewart from the Newburgh-Beacon Ferry connection with the Metro North Railroad Hudson Line (Metro-North) across the Hudson River in Beacon, New York;Randall, Michael; April 3, 2000; Newburgh waterfront high on city manager's agenda; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006. however that does not appear likely to happen anytime soon. Currently, the only connection is via a shuttle bus that runs on weekdays only.

In 2006, with construction of the Drury Lane exit underway, Senator Charles Schumer put his weight behind getting federal aid for another long-discussed access improvement: a railway link to the nearby Metro North Port Jervis Line (Metro-North),Logan, Tim; March 24, 2005; Kelly hopes Senate on board for train to Stewart; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006. to give passengers an express train trip from the airport into the city or Newark Airport via Secaucus Junction. This would entail acquiring property and building new tracks, to link to the existing line somewhere near the Salisbury Mills-Cornwall (Metro-North station).

NEG had had success with the similar Gatwick Express and Midland Mainline rail-air connections in its native Britain. While the federal government has approved the idea, the money has not yet been appropriated.

Accidents In the early morning hours of September 5, 1996, the pilots of a Federal Express McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on its way from Memphis, Tennessee to Boston, Massachusetts reported smoke in the cargo compartment and made an emergency landing at Stewart to fight the fire. All five crewmembers escaped with only minor injuries but, despite a prompt effort by the firefighting teams from the ANG base (which also handle the civilian airport's fire protection needs) the aircraft was completely destroyed. Two years later, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) traced the source of the fire to an area where some flammables had been stored but could not pin down exactly which had combustion, and faulted the captain for failing to get full information on potentially hazardous materials being shipped.National Transportation Safety Board; NTSB report; retrieved September 16, 2006.

On December 29, 1997, an American Airlines jet coming in from Chicago in heavy precipitation skidded off the end of the icy runway while landing. No one was injured and crews were able to get the plane back on the runway by the next morning.

References

External links

{{Infobox Airport| name = Stewart International Airport| nativename =| nativename-a =| nativename-r =| image = Stewart Airport sign.jpg| image-width =| caption =| IATA = SWF| ICAO = KSWF| type = Public| owner =| operator = Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, [New York| r2-number = 16/34| r2-length-f = 6,006| r2-length-m = 1,831| r2-surface = Asphalt| h1-number = H1| h1-f = 40| h1 m = 12| h1-surface = Asphalt| stat-year =| stat1-header =| stat1-data =| stat2-header =| stat2-data =| footnotes =-->

Stewart International Airport is located near [Newburgh (city), New York, New York, in the southern Hudson Valley, 55 miles (88.5 km) north of New York, New York. Originally developed in the 1930s as a military base to allow Officer cadets at the nearby United States Military Academy at West Point, New York to learn aviation, it has over the years grown into the major passenger airport for the mid-Hudson region and continues to serve as a military airfield as well, currently housing the 105th Airlift Wing of the New York Air National Guard and a smaller United States Marine Corps detachment. The Space Shuttle program could also land there in an emergency.Randall, Mike; August 9, 2005 Discovery could land at Stewart, but don't wait, Times Herald-Record; retrieved September 16, 2006.

It has made history in several ways. After its closure as an active United States Air Force base in the early 1970s, an ambitious plan by former Governor Nelson Rockefeller to greatly expand and develop the airport led to a bitter and protracted struggle with local landowners that led to reforms in the state's eminent domain laws but no actual development of the land acquired. In 1981 the Iran hostage crisis held in Iran made their return to American soil at Stewart. At the end of the 20th century it became the first U.S. commercial airport to be privatization when United Kingdom-based National Express Group was awarded a 99-year lease on the airport. It recently postponed plans to change the facility's name after considerable local opposition, and then announced plans to sell its rights to the airport.Logan, Tim; September 29, 2006; Stewart loses operator; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 29, 2006. On January 25, 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey board voted to acquire the lease, effectively ending the privatization experiment.

Airlines and destinations

History Stewart Dairy Farm In 1930 Thomas "Archie" Stewart, an early aviation enthusiast and descendant of prominent local dairy farmer Lachlan Stewart, convinced his uncle Samuel Stewart to donate "Stoney Lonesome," split between the town (New York)s of Newburgh (town), New York and New Windsor, New York, to the nearby city of Newburgh for use as an airport. Stewart International Airport - A Journey in Flight; retrieved from stewartinternationalairport.com January 27, 2007. However, with the city strapped for cash due to the Great Depression, it was unable to develop it in any way. Stewart Airfield In 1934 Douglas MacArthur, then superintendent of the United States Military Academy proposed flight training Officer Cadets at the airport. The city sold the land to the military academy for one dollar. A small dirt airstrip was cleared and graded. The northernmost gate at USMA has been known as Stoney Lonesome Gate ever since.

During World War II, many barracks and other buildings, which still stand, were built on the base. at the ANG base, as seen from Route 17K Stewart Air Force Base After the creation of the United States Air Force after World War II the Army airfield was converted to an Air Force base (it still keeps the military "F" in the airport's codes) while still being used for training of cadets at West Point. The Air Force base was deactivated in 1970 and it officially remained unoccupied until 1983 when the 105th Airlift Wing of the New York Air National Guard took up quarters. The National Guard unit has flown support missions not only for U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan but also for humanitarian relief efforts.

This area of the airport, now called Stewart Air National Guard Base, is one of the bases for the Air Force's C-5 Galaxy. In fact, the Air National Guard operates their only maintenance base for the craft at Stewart.

Stewart International Airport MTA Expansion plan In the early 1970s, Governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller's administration saw the potential of Stewart for the metropolitan area. Its long runway made it particularly attractive for transcontinental service via supersonic transport (SST), then under development in the U.S. and elsewhere.

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York) was the first government body to try to convert it into the New York's fourth major airport. It tripled the airport size well beyond its previous western boundary at Drury Lane, a two-lane rural road. The state government used its eminent domain powers to take 7,500 acres (30 km²) for terminals, runways and a buffer zone expanding the airport from Newburgh into neighboring towns of Montgomery (town), New York and a small portion of Hamptonburgh, New York. The land was bounded by Interstate 84 (east) to the north, New York State Route 207 along the south and roughly by Rock Tavern, New York and Maybrook, New York in the west.

Local opposition Area residents who were already fighting a large power plant proposal at nearby Storm King Mountain fiercely fought the expansion. They took the state to court, ultimately forcing the legislature to write and pass the New York State Eminent Domain Procedure Act, a sweeping overhaul of its existing law on the subject. In order to get the last holdouts off their land, state officials pledged that outside the proposed airport facilities, none of the land taken would ever be redeveloped, a promise that was to haunt them years later.

By the time the land was finally available, the 1973 oil crisis and the attendant increase in the price of jet fuel had forced airlines to cut back, and some of the airport's original backers began arguing it was no longer economically viable. US SST development was canceled in 1971, undercutting another argument for the project. Malcolm Wilson, Rockefeller's successor, put the project on hold; and his successor, Hugh Carey, killed it for good in 1976.

New York State Department of Transportation Ownership In early 1981, the 52 U.S. hostages held at the former U.S. embassy in Teheran, Iran, returned to American soil there following two weeks at U.S. bases in Germany and 444 days of captivity, ending the Iran hostage crisis. The route they took from there to West Point is marked today as "Freedom Road."

The next year the state transferred control from MTA to its own New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), with a mandate to improve and develop the airport. Three years later W.R. Grace became the first private tenant when it built a corporate jet hangar, and the following year an industrial park was built nearby. Finally, in 1990, commercial airline service began with American Airlines offering service with three daily round trips to both Chicago, Illinois and Raleigh-Durham International Airport.

Continuing development issues As the 1980s wore on, the scars of earlier battles over Stewart returned to start new ones. NYSDOT and the Stewart Airport Commission found themselves overseeing not only the airport but the acres of now-vacant land the state had acquired a decade before. After turning over management of most of the property to the state's New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, which was better equipped for the task, it still faced the problem of what to do with the land.

The region's needs had changed. With IBM and other large industrial concerns cutting workers and closing plants, and people leaving, a large swath of buildable land with few environmental problems was seen by many in the local business community as a goose's golden egg. It couldn't be a sprawling airport, but it could be something else, they thought.

But those people who remained or moved up from more crowded areas to the south had begun to enjoy the outdoor recreation possibilities the lands, referred to variously as the Stewart Properties or the buffer, offered. Mountain bikers, horses, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicle, and hikers had all begun to explore and create trails, and DEC's management opened up the area as a popular spot for local hunting and anglers. DEC had also released captured beavers on the properties, who built dams and created new wetlands.



One local hunter, Ben Kissam, formed the Stewart Park and Reserve Coalition (SPARC) in 1987 to oppose efforts to develop the lands. They and other environmentalists and conservationists argued that the whole area would be better off left as a park, pointing to the growing diversity of species on the lands and the state's original promise not to redevelop the area. They were joined, too, by some area residents who said that the existing air traffic, particularly the military C-5s, were noisy enough as it was.

Also generating a lot of noise was the continuing debate in Orange County, New York about what to do with the land, with participants' choice of words ("buffer" vs. "properties") suggesting where they stood, and interpretations differing about just how much of the land was really meant to serve as a buffer.

The administration of Mario Cuomo tried several times to come up with a plan that would balance these interests, but failed. One of its last acts was to set in motion a renovation of the passenger terminal using a federal grant.

Privatization In 1994 George Pataki campaigned on improving efficiencies by privatizing money-losing state projects. Ronald Lauder, who had written a book about European successes in privatizations, suggested Stewart be privatized. Pataki created the New York State Council on Privatization, and appointed Lauder its chair.

Federal law at the time required that all airports providing passenger service had to be owned by some public entity, a lesson learned from the railroad era. With much support from the New York delegation, the United States Congress eventually passed legislation allowing five airports to be privatized as a pilot program, providing certain conditions, such as approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and by the carriers representing at least two-thirds of the airport's flights.

In 1997 the state formally began, through the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), the process of soliciting bids for a 99-year lease on the airport and, potentially, the adjacent undeveloped lands as well, whatever bidders wanted.February 2, 2000; Stewart Airport's privatization process; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006. Efforts by SPARC, now headed by Kissam's widow Sandra, and other citizen activists to find out about who might be bidding and what they planned to do with Stewart were blocked by the state's invocation of a clause in its State Finance Law prohibiting disclosure of competitive bids prior to the award of the contract, an interpretation which survived a court challenge.

Two years later, after approval by the state’s attorney general and comptroller as well as the FAA and the carriers, the contract was awarded to National Express Group Public limited company of Britain, the only one of five bidders to have declined to present at a special forum organized a week prior to award, and also a company Lauder had praised in his book for its success with the UK's national bus service and subsequent acquisition of Nottingham East Midlands Airport, leading to some suspicions that the state had always intended to give them the airport from the beginning. NEG was prepared to pay $35 million for the lease, and after working out the details Pataki handed over a ceremonial key at the passenger terminal in late 2000.

The award also ended, for the most part, the controversy over whether to develop the properties or not. NEG was uninterested in the lands west of Drury Lane, and Pataki announced with the privatization deal that he was directing that ownership as well as management of 5,600 acres (22.4 km²) of the lands west of an envelope DOT retained around Drury for possible future development or disposal be transferred directly to DEC, which has since made that portion Stewart State Forest.

The Drury Lane exit will be replaced by a new, wider one.Simultaneously with the privatization, the state proceeded with long-held plans to build a new interchange on Interstate 84 at Drury Lane, which would also be widened, with a possible four-lane access road to better solve the airport's longstanding access problems (see below). Conveniently, the initial price tag, $35 million, was exactly the amount bid by National Express.

This spurred immediate opposition from SPARC and other environmentalists, as it could only be justified by a desire to promote development along the stretch of Drury DOT had saved for itself. Residents of New Windsor were also outraged, as the planned access road is going right over a portion of Crestview Lake, a popular local park.

Another complication emerged due to the proximity of the Catskill Aqueduct of New York City's water supply system to the exit; a proposed widening of Drury between the interstate and New York State Route 17K would have required that a bridge be built over the aqueduct to protect it from the vibrations associated with heavy trucks, adding to the cost of the whole project. An alternative emerged during a value engineering study of simply rerouting Drury to create another four-way intersection further down 17K, and this was ultimately done.

Whether the properties along Drury could even be developed in any measure remains to be seen, as a good portion of that parcel is either wetlands or a 45 acre trapezoid-shaped Runway Protection Zone in which the FAA mandates that nothing be built, and the remainder is land considered by conservationists to be the best land in the properties.

SPARC, the Orange County Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs and the national Sierra Club filed a lawsuit in federal court alleging that National Environmental Policy Act were not done or done improperly; that action tied up the exit's construction for a while. In March 2005, an area slated for wetlands mitigation under the plans was found to harbor purple milkweed, a Species of Special Concern on the National Heritage Program's rare plant list. SPARC and its co-plaintiffs sought an injunction against further action such as the consideration of bids; yet that went ahead anyway.

The controversy was settled by a deal announced on November 21 of that year. SPARC accepted a compromise where in exchange for the construction of the exit and access road 1,700 acres (6.8 km²) of the remaining buffer lands would be added to the forest and restrictions would be imposed on development of the remaining 400 acres (1.6 km²) in the northeast corner of the properties, near the exit.Kissam, Sandra; November 22, 2005; http://www.frontiernet.net/~sparc/sk_statement.html Statement by Sandra Kissam at SPARC Coalition Press Conference at Little Britain Grange]; SPARC website; retrieved September 16, 2006.In July 2006, the state formally transferred ownership of the state forest from DOT to DEC, ending the process of creating Stewart State Forest. However, Orange County was not thrilled with the state's decision to charge it $3.7 million for the area near the exit, saying that it was too much on top of the costs it would incur putting in infrastructure. DOT says it's just asking fair market value for the land.Logan, Tim, September 14, 2006; $3.7 million bill? Ed Diana says no, Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006.

As of 2007, construction is nearing completion. When finished, Drury will become New York State Route 747.Rife, Judy; February 11, 2007; " Traveling through the new Route 747"; Times-Herald Record; retrieved February 12, 2007.

Failure of privatization NEG's marketing initiatives included several proposed new names for the airport to emphasize its proximity to the city. The last one, in 2006, which would have dropped the "Stewart" name entirely, met with local opposition and was ultimately dropped.

Stewart has a limited selection of flights available and is relatively uncrowded most of the day. Some tenants have moved into nearby former military buildings, but most remain as unoccupied as they were the day the base was closed down. It has drawn some passengers from western Connecticut who might otherwise have flown out of Bradley International Airport. But most of the fliers within Stewart's catchment area have continued to prefer Albany International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport or other metropolitan airports, despite higher fares.

Delta Air Lines pulled out of the airport shortly after the privatization announcement, ostensibly to better serve new routes it had won to Latin America, leaving it to code sharing partners Comair and ASA. Even one of the "tourist draws" for the airport evaporated in 2003 when the Concorde was grounded. Its pilots had used the lengthy runway to practice Touch-and-Go.

NEG's dealings with the state were not as harmonious as they were initially represented; documents made public by SPARC after the privatization was completed showed that there were many lingering issues between the two parties even at that time and that NEG had in fact considered breaking the deal at one point (as it would later ultimately do). The company has gone through some local management shuffles as well, and the parent corporation's sale of East Midlands, considered the example it would follow with Stewart, was a cause for concern in the region.

While some local officials expressed disappointment, others saw NEG as getting out of the airport business entirely to concentrate on its core business in the bus and rail sectors. They hoped at first that another European company with experience running privatized airports would be interested, and industry analysts said the timing was good. Governor Elliot Spitzer promised area leaders that Stewart would be a top priority for his administration, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which runs the New York area's three main airports, has expressed interest in assuming NEG's obligations. Allegiant Air's pullout in early 2007 was actually seen as a good sign since that airline only flies where it doesn't face competition from JetBlue and AirTran, both of which have announced plans for service from Stewart.Logan, Tim; December 2, 2006; Allegiant Air to leave Stewart International Airport in early 2007; Times-Herald Record; retrieved December 3, 2006.

Port Authority takeover On January 25, 2007 the Port Authority voted to buy the lease for Stewart. It is expected to take over operating control in October after New Jersey's acting governor Richard Codey signed a bill the New Jersey Legislature had to pass, changing the law to allow the move.May 3, 2007; " Acting NJ governor to sign bill to allow Port Authority control over Stewart"; Times-Herald Record; retrieved May 4, 2007. The PA will pay NEG $78.5 million for the remaining 93 years on its lease. It has set aside $150 million in its ten-year capital improvement plan to develop the airport.

Stewart today Although 2006's bad numbers may have led NEG to pull out, Stewart's commercial aviation service is currently on the rise, and passengers today can take advantage of low fares and popular routes that have never existed in the Hudson Valley before. For the first time in Stewart's history, cheap and competitive nonstop routes to destinations such as Orlando, Florida, Tampa, and Fort Lauderdale are in place and doing very well. A plan is currently in place to drastically change Stewart's image over the next 20 years. The plan includes major renovations such as the addition of a brand new Airport terminal, the construction of a train station adjacent to the new terminal and connecting the airport to Metro North, a 2,000-foot (608 m) extension of runway 16-34, the addition of multiple new taxiways, and a major expansion of the cargo facilities at Stewart. Parts of the plan have already been put into place with the addition of a brand new control tower and the beginning of construction on the new Drury Lane highway exit. The Port Authority will be looking at this plan and perhaps revising it.

In addition to commercial aviation and passenger services, Stewart excels in many other areas not seen as well by the public. NEG had some success selling private helicopter shuttle service to midtown Manhattan's heliports to business travelers from Stewart at rates competitive with those offered from John F. Kennedy International Airport; it also remains a popular place to service corporate jets due to the large space available. Indeed, servicing of any large aircraft seems to find a home at Stewart; The Russian Antonov An-225 (the world's largest aircraft) has visited Stewart in the past.

Cargo services are also part of the mix — FedEx Express (airline) maintains a large distribution presence just outside the airport, as does the United States Postal Service, whose main general-mail facility for the mid-Hudson region is not far away, either. Importers of plant and animal products also route their flights to Stewart and the United States Department of Agriculture inspection facility for those is nearby, on Drury Lane.

In 2005, the airport was used to transport emergency personnel and supplies to help the cleanup after the destruction of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the Gulf Coast.

Stewart also serves as a popular divert destination for aircraft intending to land at one of New York City's three main airports (Newark Liberty International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, and John F. Kennedy International Airport), especially during times of deteriorated weather in the city area.

American Airlines, which had served Stewart since 1990, discontinued American Eagle regional jet service to Chicago O'Hare International Airport on September 5, 2007.

The Port Authority sees Stewart as offering needed relief to those airports and (especially) Teterboro Airport, estimating it could handle five times its present passenger volume. It will probably follow its standard procedure and contract the actual operations of the airport out.

Facilities The main east-west runway is 11,818 feet (3,602 m) long by 150 feet (46 m) wide, but the landing threshold in each direction is displaced threshold 2000 feet (610 m). Additionally, aircraft landing to the east on runway 9 are involved with landing distance available restriction of an additional 1,000-foot (305 m) reduction in length, making only 8,818 feet (2,688 m) usable for landing. Runway 27 has 9,818 feet (2,993 m) available for landing. The full length of the runway is available for takeoff in both directions.

Runway 9, the east-facing runway, is equipped with an instrument landing system for both category one and category two approaches. Runway 9 is also equipped with an ALSF2 approach lighting system. Runway 27 acquired an instrument landing system in much more recent years, but without any approach lighting, landing minimums for this runway require more visibility. The crosswind runway 16-34 is 6,006 feet (1,831 m) long by 150 feet (46 m) wide and each end has Global Positioning System-based instrument appoaches.

Access One of the biggest impediments to the use of Stewart by more airlines and passengers has long been the difficulty of actually getting to it (see diagram). Despite the proximity of Stewart to the junction of I-84 and the New York State Thruway, direct access is available from neither highway (not in the least because those two do not yet offer direct access to each other, though a reconstruction of the interchange is underway). While the Air Guard base's entrance in the town of Newburgh is relatively easy to reach one mile (1.6 km) east of the interstate on New York State Route 17K, to get to the airport on the New Windsor side a driver must travel south on New York State Route 300 to Route 207, turn right and go another mile down a two-lane road to the entrance road, whereupon the terminal and parking lot are yet another mile away.

The only other option besides the Drury Lane exit would have been a connector from the Thruway at Route 207, which would have to cross a closed New Windsor town landfill, a hazardous waste site that would be prohibitively expensive to build over. In late 2005, construction of the exit finally began along with the attendant widening of Drury and adjacent sections of 17K and 207. It will be completed and opened to traffic, along with the access road, in mid-2007, just in time for the Port Authority takeover.

There have been plans over the years to possibly implement a light rail connection along Broadway in the city of Newburgh that could conceivably go out to Stewart from the Newburgh-Beacon Ferry connection with the Metro North Railroad Hudson Line (Metro-North) across the Hudson River in Beacon, New York;Randall, Michael; April 3, 2000; Newburgh waterfront high on city manager's agenda; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006. however that does not appear likely to happen anytime soon. Currently, the only connection is via a shuttle bus that runs on weekdays only.

In 2006, with construction of the Drury Lane exit underway, Senator Charles Schumer put his weight behind getting federal aid for another long-discussed access improvement: a railway link to the nearby Metro North Port Jervis Line (Metro-North),Logan, Tim; March 24, 2005; Kelly hopes Senate on board for train to Stewart; Times Herald Record; retrieved September 16, 2006. to give passengers an express train trip from the airport into the city or Newark Airport via Secaucus Junction. This would entail acquiring property and building new tracks, to link to the existing line somewhere near the Salisbury Mills-Cornwall (Metro-North station).

NEG had had success with the similar Gatwick Express and Midland Mainline rail-air connections in its native Britain. While the federal government has approved the idea, the money has not yet been appropriated.

Accidents In the early morning hours of September 5, 1996, the pilots of a Federal Express McDonnell Douglas DC-10 on its way from Memphis, Tennessee to Boston, Massachusetts reported smoke in the cargo compartment and made an emergency landing at Stewart to fight the fire. All five crewmembers escaped with only minor injuries but, despite a prompt effort by the firefighting teams from the ANG base (which also handle the civilian airport's fire protection needs) the aircraft was completely destroyed. Two years later, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) traced the source of the fire to an area where some flammables had been stored but could not pin down exactly which had combustion, and faulted the captain for failing to get full information on potentially hazardous materials being shipped.National Transportation Safety Board; NTSB report; retrieved September 16, 2006.

On December 29, 1997, an American Airlines jet coming in from Chicago in heavy precipitation skidded off the end of the icy runway while landing. No one was injured and crews were able to get the plane back on the runway by the next morning.

References

External links



 

Stewart International Airport



 
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